Holiday Gathering 2018

Joint Lehigh Valley TU Fall Event Dec. 12 2017

Keystone Pipline Oil spill...

The Hill.com, Keystone Pipleline Shut Down After Spilling 5000 Barrels of Oil

Fly Tyers wanted!

For the Nov. 28th meeting, we are looking for a few people who are interested in sharing their favorite pattern for Monocacy trout.  We have enlisted the expertise of our resident fly tying gurus, and are looking to YOU to fill out a few more spots.  The pattern should be relatively easy to tie, and something you could demonstrate in about 15 mins. ( More if it is really cool ;) ).  If you would like to participate, please contact Mike Recine :  mrecine@aol.com.

International Fly Tying Symposium 2017

2017 International Fly Tying Symposium Saturday, November 11 9:00 am - 5:00 pm Sunday, November 12 9:00 am - 4:30 pm Class Schedule Below

Stop by and see us at our new venue: Lancaster Marriott 25 South Queen Street Lancaster, PA 17603

Support Forks TU and the Bushkill Creek Restoration Project

Trout Unlimited and Orvis will be teaming up for an Embrace- a- Stream project challenge which runs for 1 week, Nov. 6 thru the 12th.  Individuals who donate as little as $10, can help the Forks Chapter win their share of an additional $50,000 in prize money. 

Here's how it works:

Starting Nov. 6th you can go to this website:  https://embraceastream.org/projects/forks-of-the-delaware and make a donation via credit card directly to the project.  The Chapter will use that money and any prizes awarded to fund the project.

• Prizes are based on the total number of gifts, and the total amount raised and are awarded from a $50,000 prize pool provided by Orvis and Trout Unlimited. All projects are broken into one of three categories - small, medium and large (based on chapter membership size) - so that each project is competing against similarly sized organizations. The prize structure is as follows for each of the three size categories:

   - Most Unique Donors - $5,000 prize

   - Most Money Raised - $2,500 prize

   - Most gifts of $25 or Higher - $1,500 prize

   - Most gifts of $10 to $24.99 - $1,000 prize

In addition, there are prizes of $100, $250 and $500 that will be given out throughout the week to randomly selected donations. For example, a total of 42 randomly selected $10 donations will unlock prizes of $100 and a total of 21 randomly selected $50 donations will unlock prizes of $500. You never know when your donation - no matter the size - will unlock one of these random prizes!

 

Bushkill Creek Restoration Assessment and Prioritization Project

A “Class A” trout fishery, The Bushkill Creek flows some 16 miles from its headwaters in the Blue Mountains to its confluence with the Delaware River in historic Easton, Pennsylvania. While the stream has a significant reproducing population of wild brown trout, conditions in the creek have been degrading over the past 15 years. The lower Bushkill meanders through mostly urban/suburban landscapes, which has contributed significantly to the creek’s current lack in quality trout habitat. One section that runs entirely through a public park system within three separate municipalities has suffered the most. A combination of bank erosion, sedimentation, and loss of its natural thalweg, primarily caused by substantial amounts of run off from upstream development and recent flood events, has led to the present degraded condition. The 1.9-mile stretch is in desperate need of restoration to bring macro-invertebrate and trout habitat back to a truly “Class A” condition. The Forks of the Delaware Chapter is planning a large-scale project that will involve conservation partners and state and local agencies, but our first step is to make a thorough science-based assessment of the creek. This entails identifying optimal locations for installed structures and developing a list of materials, equipment, and contractor hours needed to implement the restoration. This initial planning stage is pivotal to the permitting process, which will allow us to most effectively restore the riparian and in-stream habitat of the Bushkill Creek.

Forks of the Delaware Chapter

Joseph Baylog

610-751-9116

baylogj@gmail.com

PO Box 467
Stockertown, PA 18083

https://forksofthedelaware.tu.org 

 

2 Chances to help the creek this week.

Meeting reminder for 10/24/17

Just a reminder to join us this coming Tuesday, October 24th, 7pm at the DAR house for our monthly meeting.

This month, we will be featuring our annual elections, followed by a short Great Lakes tributary guide by our resident experts...if you are interested in fish like the one pictured here, be sure you don’t miss this meeting.

As, always be sure to follow us on Instagram and Twitter for more great news, info and content...

Instagram.  |  Twitter @monocacy_tu

5 Tips for Better Streamer Fishing...

 

Photo: A.J. Swentosky

 by Chad Shmukler, www.hatchmag.com - Monday, Oct 20th, 2014

Once anglers achieve success with streamers, they often focus intently on fishing big flies. The reason is simple and well known: big flies catch big fish. There's also a rush that comes with streamer fishing that doesn't come with other brands of fly fishing. Streamer fishing is distinctly different than dry fly fishing and nymphing and in most respects is more dynamic and varied terrain. Unlike these other tactics where following a few basic rules can lead to consistent success, the streamer fisherman needs to approach the water with a more predatory, evaluative eye in order to produce results.
Streamer fishing is about the world of swimming prey. Whether that prey is smaller trout, baitfish such as minnows, sculpins, leeches or something else entirely -- it swims. And imitating a swimming creature requires a different skill set and approach than imitating a drifting or floating one. Beginner streamer anglers will often try to apply the rules of the dry fly and nymphing worlds to that of the streamer fishing world and end up frustrated when the results don't come.
The key is improving your streamer fishing is changing your way of thinking. Here are a few tips to help you get started.

Ditch the Leader

Streamer fishing, like all other fly fishing tactics, is about control. While a long leader can be an asset to the dry fly fisherman trying to control the drag on his high-floating dun imitation, it is the bane of the the streamer fisherman. Despite this well held fact, walk into any fly shop and you'll find extruded, tapered streamer leaders topping 9 feet in length and I've found no shortage of "streamer leader" recipes that call for 4 different sizes of monofilament lines in order to create a 6-8 foot concoction or other similar nonsense.
When fishing big, swimming flies, control is about connection with the fly. A shorter leader means a better connection. Additionally, leader-shyness or leader stealth is largely a non-factor.
There's really no reason to have a leader at all, at least not what one would traditionally consider a leader. Instead, go with a straight piece of monofilament or fluorocarbon. 3 to 4 feet will do just fine. When in doubt, go shorter.

More Like This

• Yet Another Streamer Tip: The Jerk-Strip
• Choosing your fly
• How to cook fish in the backcountry

The only exception to this rule would be if you're fishing only a floating line, in which case you may need to go longer in order to get your fly to sink properly. But if you're fishing a sinking line or sinking tip -- as you most likely should be -- keep it short.

Fish to Fish

Most anglers approach streamer fishing from a covering water perspective, unlike dry fly fishing where an angler will fish to a specific rising fish or to specific lies, hoping to entice a strike. As such, they are fishing to fish, rather than just covering water. But streamer anglers should be fishing to fish as well. That's not to say that covering water isn't an effective tactic, it is to say that reading water doesn't go out the window just because you're streamer fishing. In tandem with covering water, streamer anglers should be identifying likely holding lies and delivering their flies to those positions in the water. If you're confident you've identified water that likely holds a waiting fish, it can help not only to present your fly to that position in the stream, but to present your fly to that position using a variety of tactics and from a variety of angles.

Screw Around

The stripped retrieve and the down-and-across swing are undoubtedly the most commonly employed streamer fishing tactics. And with good reason: they're incredibly effective. But swimming prey, which streamers are designed to imitate, are dynamic. Baitfish, sculpins and so on -- unlike nymphs bouncing helplessly along a stream's rocky bottom, emergers mired in the surface film and duns floating atop the current -- are largely free to do as they please. This means they may head upstream or downstream, swim feverishly to avoid predators or dart around near the bottom looking for stuff to eat. Who knows what else they might do?
The point is that there isn't any one or two methods of streamer fishing that cover your bases. There aren't three or four either. It pays big dividends to experiment -- and do so avidly -- when streamer fishing. Present your fly from different angles and at different speeds, try different retrieves and different drifts. Screw around.

Drift It

Expanding on the previous point, there are any number of ways you can experiment when streamer fishing and you'll likely be surprised at the results. Many of them use skills you've already developed in other areas of fly fishing, such as dead drifting. Dead drifting isn't just for nymphs.
Yes, streamer fishing is about swimming prey, but the predators commonly see baitfish, sculpins, leeches and so in in the water column that are either stunned from a encounter with another predator or that are simply dead. Dead or stunned prey is easy prey, and can often elicit a vigorous response from holding fish. Fast water, plunge pools and other turbulent areas in the river are great places to dry dead drifting streamers.

Pump It

One great technique that works well on trout, salmon, smallmouth bass and any other number of species is commonly referred to as the pumped or jigged retrieve. This retrieve works well at imitating baitfish, such as minnows, merrily plying the water in search of food -- unaware of and unconcerned with bigger fish interested in eating them -- but can also imitate an injured and struggling baitfish.
Some anglers employ the jigging retrieve with a rod held high, but I'll more commonly employ it with the rod held in the same position I'd typically hold it in while swinging the fly and controlling its speed in the water column. As such, I'll most often cast the fly down and across with a specific run or lie in mind, tossing in a big mend once the fly hits the water. As I the fly begins to swing into position, I'll pump my elbow upstream and back down again using a lengthy but fluid motion. I'll do this repeatedly as the fly moves through the target zone, with varied pauses in between pumps. Take care to pump the fly up and back down for the first time just prior to it entering water where you expect fish to be holding, slowing the swing speed down by introducing slack into the line and initiating your control of the jigging motion.

Project tour reminder:

Join Wildlands for a project tour and planting @ Illick's Mill on Oct. 12th.

Visit: http://www.wildlandspa.org/monocacycpt/ to register and for more info.

86,000 Miles

Meet John Araway Oct. 4th.

We're Back!

Summer is finally winding down which means crisp mornings, apples, and our monthly meetings are back.

Join us this Tuesday, September 26th 7pm at the DAR house on 8th Ave in Bethlehem.

While we don't have an official speaker/ topic, Kristie Fatch from Wildlands Conservancy will be on hand to discuss the project at Illicks Mill and also the Monocacy Creek assessment which is being finalized.

Pizza will be available if you are hungry, and a nice selection of donated fly tying materials will be available for purchase with a donation to the Chapter.

Hope to see you there.

The Troutlook Post on Stocking

The Troutlook.com is a website run by Shannon White, Ph.D. Candidate Penn State University.  She is currently doing research on the effects of stress on Brook Trout.  From time to time she also makes comments on fisheries issues/ polices.  Here are 3 great posts about the pros/ cons of hatchery stocking of trout.

It is a 3 part series.  Check them out here:

Pros vs. Cons of Hatchery Stocking: Part 1

Pros vs. Cons of Hatchery Stocking: Part 2 

Pros vs. Cons of Hatchery Stocking: Part 3

 

 

Illick's Mill Restoration Underway

Here are some great articles about the restoration at Illick's Mill:

Lehigh Valley Live

Morning Call

Stream Lines Summer/ Fall 2017

Monocacy Project Tour with Wildlands 10/12

Join Wildlands for a project tour and planting @ Illick's Mill on Oct. 12th.

Visit: http://www.wildlandspa.org/monocacycpt/ to register and for more info.

T minus 1 month...

Just a reminder that the Monocacy Chapter monthly meetings will begin in a little over 1 month (Sept. 26th).  The board is hard at work creating a program schedule that has something for everyone.  We hope you will find something that interests you.

Up coming events..

After a pretty quite summer, the event calendar is starting to get active again.  Check out:

August 19th:  MCWA AND TU Stream clean up.  Meet at the end of Old York Rd.  Bethlehem, 9am. The focus will be on the lower Monocacy in the area of Musikfest.

Aug 20th: "Life in a Trout Stream", by Don Baylor.  Cherry Run Nature Center.  Flier HERE.

Aug 26th:  Wild Trout Summit, Pleaseant Gap PA.  Info HERE

 Sept 26th:  Monocacy TU Monthly Meetings Resume.

Also:  Work at Illick's Mill has started.  Be sure to check it out. 

Taimen!

A real Classic....

Ants Marching....and flying

If you aren't fishing terrestrials yet, it is a good time to start.  Cars are covered in flying ants on warm, humid mornings, and trout LOVE ants.

Pro tip : Flying ants are a good indicator for trico's! 

Fishing Terestrials from a Drift Boat

Looking for, and finding, Wild Trout in PA

Finding Wild Trout, Lehigh Valley Live.com

RIO products on Euro Nymphing

Thanks Dad.

StepOutdoors 2017

Need a break from the tech world? Step Outdoors 2017 kicks off this weekend to celebrate the outdoors @monocacy_tu @ArtsQuest @69News pic.twitter.com/fLK0pg84Wb

— Alexandra Hogan (@AlexHoganWFMZ) May 31, 2017

Update from "the troutlook"

Check out the latest update from "the troutlook" blog.  Interesting results in Brook Trout movements are starting to come in...

http://www.thetroutlook.com/latest-updates

Meeting reminder

Monthly Meeting Reminder. View this email in your browser

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Monthly Membership meeting reminder. Join us this coming Tuesday, May 23rd for our monthly membership meeting. This months "meeting" will be fishing the sulpher hatch on the Monocacy, and due to the large number of hotdogs left over from last months meeting, Chapter Pres Erik Broesicke will be grilling up some pre- fishing 'dogs to keep you going strong through the hatch. Food will start at 6pm at the big pavilion in Illick's Mill Park. If you are interested in learning how to fish the sulpher hatch, fly Fishing, trout fishing, or fishing the Monocacy Creek in general THIS IS THE MEETING YOU SHOULDN'T MISS.

Follow us on social media, send us a note or check out our website with the links below. Monocacy TU Twitter Monocacy TU.org Email Instagram Copyright © 2017 Monocacy Chapter TU, All rights reserved. Want to change how you receive these emails? You can update your preferences or unsubscribe from this list

Convergence

Step Outdoors III

Joe Fox ties a Catskill style Red Quill from Tightline Productions~T. Flagler on Vimeo.

Bugs and Dogs, 4/25 6pm, Illick's Mill Park.

BIO Blitz @ Johnston Conservation area!

1st Annual Bio Blitz!

​Friday and Saturday April 28-29

Starting Friday morning at 5:30am to Saturday at noon. We only have 30 hours to document very living species on the estate. Can you help us?

Bird banding, electro- fishing, trail cams, stream studies and more.

We are building a team of experts, leaders, students and community members to work together to identify as much as we can on the property’s 9 ecosystems.

8 Teams:

• Mammals

• Birds

• Insects

• Herpetology

• Trees

• Creek (Fishes and Macros)

• Ferns/flowers/fungi

 

Event Staff:

The event will be divided into 6 hour shifts, but participants can stay longer or leave earlier if they must. 

We will be planting 100 trees!

Join us and bring your friends for this important day of exploration, community, and fun!

For more information or to volunteer contact us:
Jenna Schlener at schlenerjen@gmail.com or
Victoria Bastidas at victoriabastidas01@gmail.com

KEYSTONE/TU TEENS CONSERVATION CAMP

KEYSTONE/TU TEENS CONSERVATION CAMP

FLY FISHING CAMP FOR TEENAGERS IN PENNSYLVANIA

Keystone/TUTeens Conservation Camp is one of two Fly Fishing Camps for teenagers in Pennsylvania. Keystone the latest of the camps is located in the Beautiful Wyoming Valley within the Tunkhannock Creek/Susquehanna River watersheds. The camp is open to teenagers from 14 to 18 regardless of race, creed, sex or economic status. The camp offers a cultural interaction between a maximum of 24 student campers. The camp is located on the Campus of Keystone College and is a partnership between Keystone College and the surrounding Northeast and Northcentral Chapters of Trout Unlimited. Student campers reside in the college dorms and are fed 3 squares a day in the campus cafeteria. Life seems trouble free when your studies are completed on the beautiful stream that runs through the center of the campus and your classrooms are both indoors and outdoors.

Mentor leaders and houseparents are there to guide your camper through all phases of instruction and down time. Anyone coming in contact with the campers has a Background check pursuant to Pennsylvania law. Instructors come from a broad range of backgrounds. We have three instructors from three different Universities and colleges, professional from agencies like the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Pa. Fish and Boat Commission, Department of Environmental Protection, County Conservation Districts and Penn State Agricultural Extension office. Of course there are also the well informed and reliable Trout Unlimited Volunteers and Water Quality Specialist from the American Petroleum Institute.

Councilors and Campers are available for emergencies through

a single number: 570-954-5042.

For more info, check out http://www.flyfishingsummercamp.com/

Gill lice found in PA again, this time in Rainbows.

Another discovery of gill lice, this time in stocked Rainbows, raises questions about raising fish, who is responsible and what the implications are.

Full article HERE

Gill lice were originally found last year in Brook trout that were stocked in streams in central PA.  Some of those streams have wild Brook trout which will now be infected by gill lice.

Original post HERE

Film Tour Success!

A very special "thank you" to everyone who attended the Fly Fishing Film Tour 2017.  This year was another amazing success, and we nearly sold out BOTH nights!  The support from the community for this event is truly appreciated and there is no doubt this event would not be possible without it.

The Monocacy Chapter would also like to recognize the support of our partners:

• ArtsQuest and SteelStacks
• Jerry Hadden, Upper Delaware River Fly Fishing Guide Service
• Russel Parks, The Missoulian Angler
• Wildlands Conservancy
• Tim Flagler, Tightlines Productions
• George Maciag
• Lehigh River Stocking Association
• Cabela's
• SkyBlue Outfitters
• Ryan Shannon

The winners of our grand prize float trip prizes are:
Upper Delaware River: Nick K. ; George V.
Montana, Nick A.

All winners have been contacted.

Film Tour Countdown!

Less than 1 week until the 2017 Fly Fishing Film Tour 2017 rolls into the Banko Alehouse Cinema at SteelStacks.  Tickets are selling fast and you can save $5 per ticket buy purchasing ahead of time.  Tickets can be purchased online at http://www.steelstacks.org/event/3965/fly-fishing-film-tour/.  

Join us starting at 6pm for Fly Tying demos, food, drink, a chance at some great raffle prizes and to share fishing stories.

Raffle items include:

Grand Prizes: 

( To be drawn at intermission 3/29)

•  2 Drift Boat Trips on the Upper Delaware River with Jerry Hadden of Delaware River Fly Fishing

• Drift Boat Trip with the Missoulian Angler Fly Shop, Missoula Montana.

*Note:  Drift Boats Trips include cost of float trip only. Travel, lodging, food, gratuity and any other costs not included in prize and are the responsibility of the winner.

Nightly Prizes include:

• Cabelas’ Prestige collection fly combo,  8’6” 5wt. 4 pc. $239.00 Value
• Aleka 10' 7WT A4-710-4 Fly Rod donated by SkyBlue Outfitters. $170 Value
• Artwork Donated by Wildlands Conservancy

FREE door prize raffles!

Mop fly

Straight Talk from PFBC

TU on the Radio March 9th 6pm

This Thursday, March 9th representatives from the Monocacy Chapter of TU will be taking to the radio waves!  Tune into WDIY 88.1FM @ 6pm!  Discussion topics will include Chapter programs, conservation work in the Valley and the Fly Fishing Film Tour being shown at SteelStacks  March 28th and 29th.

Spring Event Tomorrow! 3/4/17

Data shows urban stream restorations fall short of water quality goals

By Jeff Gillies on November 21, 2013 http://www.fondriest.com/news

The urge to undo the damage humans have heaped on many waterways has spurred a billion-dollar stream restoration industry with a mixed track record. Water quality across the United States has improved over the past half-century. But as a recent case study of an urban stream in North Carolina shows, restoration projects often fail to achieve water quality goals when they’re driven by good intentions but not good data.

Early stream restoration efforts were based on assumptions about what would make a stream better, said Kristan Cockerill, a water policy analyst and assistant professor in Appalachian State University’s Department Cultural, Gender and Global Studies.

Stream Classification Discussion

February meeting reminder

• Join us this coming Tuesday, February 28th for our monthly membership meeting.  This month we will welcome Dr. Frank Kuserk, Louise E. Juley Professor of Biological Sciences Director, Environmental Studies & Sciences Program Moravian College.

Meetings are held at the DAR Log Cabin on 8th Ave in Bethlehem and start at 7pm.

RIO learn to double haul

03 How To Double Haul from RIO Products on Vimeo.

January meeting reminder

Monthly Membership meeting reminder. Join us this coming Tuesday, for our monthly membership meeting. This months meeting will feature Chapter VP Mike Recine discussing his experience fishing in Alaska. Meetings are held at the DAR Log Cabin on 8th Ave in Bethlehem.  Meetings start at 7pm.

Fly Fishing Film Tour 2017!!

Buy Tickets

Fly fishing aficionados, gear up for trout season and transport yourself to some of the most exotic angling destinations on Earth as the preeminent exhibition of fly fishing cinema, the acclaimed Fly Fishing Film Tour (F3T), returns to the ArtsQuest Center at SteelStacks!.

A sell-out in each of its first two years, the Fly Fishing Film Tour at SteelStacks has expanded in 2017 from one night to two due to popular demand. During each evening, guests will enjoy a variety of breathtakingly beautiful short films focused on amazing angling destinations around the globe. Highlights include films focused on chasing monster rainbows and Pacific salmon on the Kamchatka Peninsula of Eastern Russia; battling giant tarpon off the coast of Florida; conservation efforts to protect trout and their habitat in Idaho and Montana; and even the pursuit of the Russian Nelma, a giant predatory fish that’s never been caught on the fly. The Fly Fishing Film Tour showings at the ArtsQuest Center are the only screenings of the film tour in region; the complete list of films and trailers is available at www.flyfilmtour.com.

Guests are invited to arrive starting at 6 p.m. each evening to see fly tying demonstrations by Trout Unlimited members, talk with fellow anglers and enjoy food and beverages from the ArtsQuest Center’s Mike & Ike Bistro (not included with ticket price).

Proceeds from the Fly Fishing Film Tour benefit the Monocacy Chapter of Trout Unlimited’s habitat improvement work and coldwater conservation efforts on streams throughout the Lehigh Valley, as well as the ArtsQuest Arts Education Programming Fund, which helps to support ArtsQuest’s free music, arts and education programming for the community.

Photo Credit: Matt McCormick

SCHEDULE

• Tuesday, March 28, 2017 @ 7:30 PM 
• Wednesday, March 29, 2017 @ 7:30 PM 

VENUE INFORMATION

Banko Alehouse Cinemas
ArtsQuest Center
101 Founders Way
Bethlehem, PA 18015
610-297-7100
map & directions

Winter/ Spring Newsletter

Caddis

TU team wraps up unassessed waters survey work in PA

By Kathleen Lavelle

As fall turns to winter, Trout Unlimited staffers take stock of the previous season’s fieldwork while starting to plan ahead for the coming year.


For the TU team working on the Unassessed Waters Initiative headed by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission, 2016 was another great year.


I lead a team that spends several months every year in search of naturally reproducing trout in streams that have never been formally surveyed. The work helps to ensure higher protection standards through the Department of Environmental Protection (DEP).


Each spring the Fish and Boat Commission sends us -- and other partners working on the initiative -- a list of streams to survey. We then go afield for survey trips, using electroshock gear that temporarily stuns fish so we can scoop them up in nets and identify them.


In 2016, TU field staff surveyed 76 streams in the West Branch of the Susquehanna River basin and 41 streams in the Delaware River basin.


Of those, a total of 35 streams -- nearly one-third -- were found to have naturally reproducing trout and are eligible to be added to the Fish and Boat Commission’s formal Wild Trout list.

Since 2011, TU has surveyed 555 streams for this initiative, and dozens already have been added to the wild trout list.
Listing of a stream section as wild trout water does not determine how the water is managed. However, the biological designation is among the factors the agency considers in its management approach to specific waters. Listed wild trout streams and their adjacent wetlands qualify for more stringent environmental protection.
Pennsylvania contains nearly 62,000 streams, but the Fish and Boat Commission staff has been able to conduct surveys on fewer than 6,000 of those waters, totalling 24,511 miles. That’s only 9 percent of the stream numbers and less than 30 percent of the stream miles that the agency is able to actively manage.
Trout Unlimited and other partners in the effort, such as universities, are providing crucial assistance in this important effort.
The National Fish and Wildlife Foundation provides funding for the Unassessed Waters Initiative. TU's work for this initiative in the Delaware River Basin is also funded by the William Penn Foundation and the Kittatinny Ridge Coalition.
In September, the Fish and Boat Commission voted to add 99 streams to the listing. Of those, 13 had been identified by TU’s Unassessed Waters Initiative team.
The Fish and Boat Commission will vote on another list of 99 proposed wild trout waters in January, 25 of which TU has identified.
Even as we wrap up 2016 we are starting planning for 2017, with plans to survey many more streams, including more than 100 in the Delaware River basin alone.






Kathleen Lavelle is the field coordinator for Trout Unlimited's Pennsylvania Coldwater Habitat Restoration Program, based in Lock Haven, Pa.